C-V2X message processing timeline adaption based on contouring of remote vehicles and available delay budget

ABSTRACT

Techniques described herein provide for filtering and prioritizing incoming messages, which can help reduce and smooth out the processing load on components used to process the incoming messages. Filtering techniques may comprise identifying a subset of nearby vehicles from which messages are to be processed, and further calculating remaining delay budgets with regard to the messages to prioritize them for processing. Different techniques for determining a subset of nearby vehicles can be used, and/or remaining delay budgets may be calculated and/or communicated in different ways.

BACKGROUND

Autonomous or partially autonomous cars can regularly communicate withnearby vehicles to enhance the safety, efficiency and convenience ofvehicular transportation. For example, path and maneuver planning for avehicle to everything (V2X)-capable vehicle (such as a cellular vehicleto everything-capable vehicle (CV2X)) depends on knowing the accurateinter-vehicle distances and relative locations. The capabilities andbehavior of surrounding vehicles helps determine, for example, safeinter-vehicle spacing and lane change maneuvering. The location andlocation-related measurements are regularly communicated betweenvehicles, for example, through V2X application-layer standards usingmessages such as the Basic Safety Message (BSM). However, these messagescan be broadcast from vehicles at a rate of several times per second,and thus a V2X-capable vehicle that is surrounded by a large number ofV2X-capable vehicles may receive an extremely large amount of messagesto process. Furthermore, some messages may have a higher priority andmay need to be attended to more quickly than others, and variousoperating constraints may further change the V2X-capable vehicle'scapacity for processing incoming messages.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Techniques described herein provide for filtering and prioritizingincoming messages, which can help reduce and smooth out the processingload on components used to process the incoming messages. Filteringtechniques may comprise identifying a subset of nearby vehicles fromwhich messages are to be processed, and further calculating remainingdelay budgets with regard to the messages to prioritize them forprocessing. Different techniques for categorizing nearby vehicles anddetermining a subset of nearby vehicles can be used, and differenttechniques for calculating and/or communicating delay budgets can beused.

An example method of message selection and prioritization at a hostvehicle (HV), according to this description, comprises wirelesslyreceiving messages from a plurality of remote vehicles (RVs),determining a first subset of the plurality of RVs from which to processthe messages, wherein the first subset is determined based at least inpart on: the respective location of each RV relative to the HV, one ormore road conditions, and one or more operating constraints of the HV.The method further comprises, for each message received from an RV inthe first subset, determining a priority for the respective messagebased at least in part on an indication of a remaining delay budget forthe respective message, wherein the priority for the respective messagedetermines an order in which content of the respective message is to beprocessed by the HV, and the indication of the remaining delay budgetfor the respective message is received with the respective message.

An example device for message selection and prioritization at a hostvehicle (HV), according to this description, comprises one or morewireless transceivers, a memory, and one or more processorscommunicatively coupled to the one or more wireless transceivers and thememory. The one or more processors are configured to receive, via theone or more wireless transceivers, messages from a plurality of remotevehicles (RVs), and determine a first subset of the plurality of RVsfrom which to process the messages, wherein the first subset isdetermined based at least in part on: the respective location of each RVrelative to the HV, one or more road conditions, and one or moreoperating constraints of the HV. The one or more processors are furtherconfigured to, for each message received from an RV in the first subset,determine a priority for the respective message based at least in parton an indication of a remaining delay budget for the respective message,wherein the priority for the respective message determines an order inwhich content of the respective message is to be processed by the HV,and the indication of the remaining delay budget for the respectivemessage is received with the respective message.

An example device, according to this description, comprises means forwirelessly receiving messages from a plurality of remote vehicles (RVs),and means for determining a first subset of the plurality of RVs fromwhich to process the messages, wherein the first subset is determinedbased at least in part on the respective location of each RV relative toa host vehicle (HV), one or more road conditions, and one or moreoperating constraints of the HV. The device further comprises means fordetermining, for each message received from an RV in the first subset, apriority for the respective message based at least in part on anindication of a remaining delay budget for the respective message,wherein the priority for the respective message determines an order inwhich content of the respective message is to be processed by the HV,and the indication of the remaining delay budget for the respectivemessage is received with the respective message.

An example non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to thisdescription, comprises instructions stored thereon for message selectionand prioritization at a host vehicle (HV). The instructions, whenexecuted by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors towirelessly receive messages from a plurality of remote vehicles (RVs),and determine a first subset of the plurality of RVs from which toprocess the messages, wherein the first subset is determined based atleast in part on the respective location of each RV relative to the HV,one or more road conditions, and one or more operating constraints ofthe HV. The instructions, when executed by one or more processors,further cause the one or more processors to determine, for each messagereceived from an RV in the first subset, a priority for the respectivemessage based at least in part on an indication of a remaining delaybudget for the respective message, wherein: the priority for therespective message determines an order in which content of therespective message is to be processed by the HV, and the indication ofthe remaining delay budget for the respective message is received withthe respective message.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an overhead view of a road, provided to help illustrate howvehicles may be categorized and zones of interest can be established,according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 3 are illustrations of the overhead view of FIG. 1,with different contours applied, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are flowcharts that illustrate methods for creating anarea of interest to use in filtering messages from incoming vehicles,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram of relevant communicationcomponents of vehicles used to help illustrate the functionality ofdifferent components used for message prioritization, according to anembodiment.

FIG. 6 is a call-flow diagram, illustrating functionality andcommunications between the various components illustrated in FIG. 5, toenable a vehicle to prioritize incoming messages, according to anembodiment.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a method of message selection andprioritization at a vehicle, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of a system in which vehicles may communicateover various networks and with various devices, vehicles, and servers,according to an embodiment.

FIG. 9 comprises a functional block diagram of a vehicle 1000, accordingto an embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of various hardware and software componentsof a vehicle, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an example vehicle 1000, according toan embodiment.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements,in accordance with certain example implementations. In addition,multiple instances of an element may be indicated by following a firstnumber for the element with a letter or a hyphen and a second number.For example, multiple instances of an element 110 may be indicated as110-1, 110-2, 110-3 etc. or as 110 a, 110 b, 110 c, etc. When referringto such an element using only the first number, any instance of theelement is to be understood (e.g., element 110 in the previous examplewould refer to elements 110-1, 110-2, and 110-3 or to elements 110 a,110 b, and 110 c).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Several illustrative embodiments will now be described with respect tothe accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. While particularembodiments, in which one or more aspects of the disclosure may beimplemented, are described below, other embodiments may be used andvarious modifications may be made without departing from the scope ofthe disclosure or the spirit of the appended claims.

V2X-capable vehicles may execute vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safetyapplications built around Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J2735BSMs, which communicate information about vehicle position, time,heading, speed, acceleration, predicted path, path history, and more. Asnoted, this information can be used by nearby vehicles to inform thevehicles' movement and maneuver execution. As noted, a given V2X-capablevehicle of interest, referred to herein as a Host Vehicle (HV), mayreceive a large number of BSMs broadcast by nearby V2X-capable vehicleswithin communication range, referred to herein as Remote Vehicles (RVs).For example, BSMs may be broadcast up to 10 times per second (10 Hz).And thus, if an HV is surrounded by 200 RVs each communicating up to 10BSMs per second, the HV may need to process up to 2000 BSMs per second.This processing can include verifying digitally-signed certificates ofthe messages and determining, based on the content of the messages,whether to issue a warning to a driver, alter or execute a maneuver,etc. Moreover, additional message types (e.g., non-BSM safety messages)may also be communicated to the HV from nearby RVs, and othercommunications may be received from Road-Side Units (RSUs),traffic-related servers, and more. Further, the information communicatedby BSMs and other messages is often very time sensitive and must beprocessed quickly by the HV before it becomes irrelevant. Thus, the HVoften has a limited ability to delay the processing of these incomingmessages. This can cause a high processing load on the hardware block(e.g., Central Processing Unit (CPU), Digital Signal Processor (DSP),and/or Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)) of the HV.

Traditional techniques for handling these issues have theirshortcomings. For example, to avoid any compromise of safety, currentschemes are designed to run at a performance level for the worst case(e.g., a maximum number of messages). To provide the processing capacitysufficient to do so, this can be a costly option in terms of price,power, and/or temperature. Additionally, traditional techniques oftenonly account for packet delay budgets allocated at radio layers of thetransmitting RV and the receiving HV, without accounting for totalend-to-end packet delay from the application layer of the transmittingRV to the application layer of the receiving HV. This can mean that,although radio-layer delay budgets are met, messages may not beprocessed in time to meet application-layer needs. To overcome this,traditional techniques again use brute force techniques by operatingradio-layer hardware (modems) at a very high operating frequency toaccount for worst-case scenarios at all times, without accounting forchanges for messages from RVs.

Embodiments provided herein can address these and other issues byenabling an HV to filter incoming messages from RVs by establishing azone of interest to identify RVs from which messages will be processed,and further prioritize the filtered messages at an application layerbased on remaining time budget to smooth the processing loadrequirements out over time. The zone of interest can be defined based ona number of factors, including the relative locations of the RVs, one ormore road conditions, and one or more vehicle operating conditions.Additional details are provided herein below, with respect to theappended figures.

FIG. 1 is an overhead view of a road 100, provided to help illustratehow RVs may be categorized and zones of interest can be established.FIG. 1 shows multiple vehicles on the road 100, including an HV 110surrounded by multiple RVs (collectively and generically referred toherein as RVs 130). As can be seen, the trajectory of the RVs 130 can becategorized as going in the same direction or opposite (reverse)direction as the HV. Additionally, according to some embodiments, thelocation of the RVs 130 may be categorized as being “ahead” or “behind”of the HV 110, based on the orientation of the HV 110, as illustrated bythe line 120 shown in FIG. 1. (It will be understood, however, thatalternative embodiments may position the line 120 differently withrespect to the HV 110, such as more toward the front of the HV 110 ormore toward the back of the HV 110. Additionally or alternatively,embodiments may categorize vehicles as being either ahead or behind, but“adjacent” to the HV 110, as indicated below.)

For purposes of the description herein, a notation can be used todescribe the location and trajectory of RVs 130 with respect to the HV110. A mapping of the RVs illustrated in FIG. 1 to the notation usedherein and a description of the notation is provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 RV notation as applied to FIG. 1. RV Notation Description 130-1Nsa sa = “same, ahead”; in same lane as HV, ahead of HV 130-2 Nsb sb =“same, behind”; in same lane as HV, behind HV 130-3 Naa aa = “adjacent,ahead”; in lane adjacent to HV, ahead of HV 130-4 Nab ab = “adjacent,behind”; same lane as HV, behind HV 130-5 Nna na = “non-adjacent,ahead”; in lane non-adjacent to HV, ahead of HV 130-6 Nnb nb =“non-adjacent, behind”; in lane non-adjacent to HV, behind HV 130-7 Nnana = “non-adjacent, ahead”; in lane non-adjacent to HV, ahead of HV130-8 Nraa raa = “reverse, adjacent, ahead”; reverse direction of HV, inlane adjacent to HV, ahead of HV 130-9 Nrab rab = “reverse, adjacent,behind”; reverse direction of HV, in lane adjacent to HV, behind HV130-10 Nrna rna = “reverse, non-adjacent, ahead”; reverse direction ofHV, in lane non-adjacent to HV, ahead of HV 130-11 Nrnb rnb = “reverse,non-adjacent, behind”; reverse direction of HV, in lane non-adjacent toHV, behind HV

As can be seen in Table 1, the notation accounts for the direction andlocation of RVs 130 surrounding HV 110. As previously noted, additionalnotation may be used to account for RVs 130 that are neither fully aheadof or fully behind the HV 110. For example, line 120 passes through RV130-7, in which case it may be considered “adjacent.” RVs (not shown) inother lands that are also neither fully ahead of or behind the HV 110may be similarly categorized. That said, based on information receivedby the HV 110 (e.g., via a BSM received from RV 130-7) regarding thelocation of RV 130-7, the HV 110 may determine to categorize RV 130-7 asbeing either ahead of or behind HV 110, based on a certain location onRV 130-7 (e.g., the front, center, or back of the vehicle).

In the early example of the HV 110 being surrounded by 200 cars, it islikely that BSMs or similar messages from many other cars are irrelevantto the safety or operation of the HV 110. With this in mind, andreferring again to the example shown in FIG. 1, the HV 110 can createone or more “contours” that define one or more areas of interest aroundgroups of RVs 130. These contours can specifically exclude RVs 130 fromwhich messages may not be relevant. For example, messages from RVs 130-9and 130-11, which are traveling in the opposite direction and are behindthe HV 110 may be excluded from these areas of interest. Many otherfactors may be taken into account when determining contours defining anarea of interest.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are overhead views of the road 100 of FIG. 1 with twodifferent contours, 210-A and 210-B, respectively (collectively andgenerically referred to herein as contours 210). As illustrated, thecontours 210 define an area in which a subset of the neighboring RVs arelocated. The examples provided in FIGS. 2A and 2B show relatively simplecontours, but it will be understood that contours may be more complex inreal life scenarios. For example, contours may be three-dimensional totake into account underpasses or overpasses near the HV 110. Further,contours 210 may be determined by an application layer of the HV 110,which may be executed by one or more processors (as described in moredetail below).

The shape of a contour 210 may be based on any variety of factorsrelated to current traffic conditions for the HV 110. These factors,termed “road conditions” herein, may comprise, for example the speedand/or heading of the HV 110, the number of lanes of the road 100, thecurrent lane in which the HV 110 is located, road hazards,weather-related conditions (rain, snow, ice, etc.), speed limits, pathhistory and/or predicted path of RVs 130, and so forth. This informationmay be gathered via sensors on the HV 110, V2X and/or othercommunications with RVs 130, communication with computer servers(providing, for example, map-related, weather-related, and/or othertraffic-related information), and so forth. (Additional detail regardingis described below with regard to FIG. 8.)

Additionally, the shape of the contour 210 may be based on one or moreconstraints due to the processing capabilities of the HV 110. Theseconstraints, termed “operating constraints” herein, may comprise, forexample, constraints in the message-processing capabilities of the HV110, which may be due to static and/or dynamic features of theunderlying hardware and/or software used by the HV 110 to processmessages. (Examples of hardware and software components used to processmessages are provided herein below, with regard to FIG. 10.)

Another operating constraint may comprise a thermal constraint, whichcan also limit the amount of messages processed. That is, given theon-chip temperature of a processor and/or other digital processinghardware used to process the messages, and/or the temperature outsidethe HV 110, the processing of messages may be reduced (e.g., via areduction in the operating clock frequency) to help ensure a thermalmaximum is not exceeded, in efforts to ensure the operating integrity ofthe processing hardware.

Another operating constraint may comprise a concurrency constraint,related to the ability of the HV 110 to engage in concurrent operationsutilizing the same underlying hardware and/or software components usedto process messages. That is, the communication components used to sendand receive V2X messages may comprise components enabling cellularcommunication such as communication via Long-Term Evolution (LTE) orfifth-generation (5G). Accordingly, these components may also be usedfor data, voice, emergency (e.g., eCall), and/or other communication.Because components of the HV 110 may be engaged in such alternativeforms of communication (or may reserve a certain amount of capabilitiesto be able to engage in such alternative forms of communication), thismay operate as a constraint, limiting the amount of messages the HV 110is able to process over a certain period of time.

Returning to the notation shown in Table 1, a contour 210 may be definedby the number of RVs 130 of different RV types are included within anarea of interest. For example, each of the various parameters (Nsa, Nsb,Naa, etc.) corresponding to a different type of RV 130 may be “tuned” toinclude a larger or smaller amount of RVs 130 of that type, depending onthe various road conditions and/or operating constraints. This “tuning”can be distance-based, such that an increase in a particular parametermay result in the contour 210 expanding to include additional RVs 130 ofthe same type, but farther away from the HV 110. In the example of FIG.2A, for instance, the value of the term Nsa is 1. That is, there is onlyone RVs 130-1 in the same lane, going in the same direction, and locatedahead of the HV 110. An increase in the value of the term Nsa can resultin the contour 210-A encompassing additional HVs (not shown) in the samelane, going the same direction, and located ahead of the HV 110. As thevalue of the term Nsa increases, so, too, does the distance of thecontour 210-A increase in front of the HV 110 to encompass theadditional HVs.

This tuning of parameters is shown in the differences of contours 210 inFIGS. 2A and 2B. In FIG. 2B, the corresponding contour 210-B encompassesa smaller area of interest than the contour 210-A of FIG. A. Again, thiscould be due to one or more of the various road conditions and/oroperating constraints. The contour 210-A of FIG. 2A defining the largerarea of interest may be due to the HV 110 having relatively feweroperating constraints (fewer limits on message-processing capabilities).Additionally or alternatively, the relatively larger area of interestmay be due to road conditions warranting a larger area of interest, suchas hazardous weather conditions (e.g., icy roads), the HV 110 travelingat relatively high speeds, a large number of RVs 130 within a relativelyshort distance from the HV 110, a curve in the road 100, or the like. Onthe other hand, the contour 210-B of FIG. 2B defining a smaller area ofinterest may be due to the HV 110 having relatively more operatingconstraints (more limits on message-processing capabilities) and/orhaving road conditions warranting a smaller area of interest, such asdry roads, low speeds, etc.

Some embodiments may account for operating constraints and roadconditions in a different manner. For example, in some embodiments, theHV 110 may use a two-step approach by first determining (e.g., at anapplication layer) multiple contours 210 based on various roadconditions, then selecting from the contours based on operatingconstraints. This process is illustrated in FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 is an overhead view of the road 100 of FIG. 1 with multiplecontours 210-1, 210-2, and 210-3, as determined by the HV 110. Contoursmay be ordered such that the largest contour 210-1 corresponds to a“first-order” contour, the second-largest contour 210-2 corresponds to a“second-order” contour, and the third-largest contour 210-3 correspondsto a “third-order” contour. As will be appreciated, an HV 110 maycompute any number of contours 210.

Again, using the notation of Table 1, a contour of order “i” may definethe value of each parameter type as Nsa_(i), Naa_(i), Nna_(i), etc.Higher-order contours have smaller areas of interest and encompass fewerRVs 130 than lower order contours. Thus, where first order parametersare defined as Nsa₁, Naa₁, Nna₁, etc., and second order parameters aredefined as Nsa₂, Naa₂, Nna₂, etc., each of the second order parametersis equal to or less than the corresponding parameter in the first-order,such that Nsa₂≤Nsa₁, Naa₂≤Naa₁, Nna₂≤Nna₁, etc., where at least oneparameter in the second order is less than the corresponding parameterin the first order.

The contours 210 of FIG. 3 may be created based on the previously-notedroad conditions, as well as some logic for reducing the area of interestfor higher-order contours. For example, an initial contour 210-1 may becreated based on road conditions, under the assumption that operatingconstraints are minimal. Logic may then be applied to reduce the valueof some or all of the parameters (e.g., to reduce the amount ofencompassed RVs 130 by one or more) to create the second-order contour210-2. This logic may then be applied again to reduce the value of someor all of the parameters of the second-order contour 210-2, to createthe third-order contour 210-3, and so on.

Once the contours 210 are created, the HV 110 may then select thecontour 210 to use, based on operating constraints. If, for example,operating constraints are relatively minimal, then a relativelylow-order contour may be chosen. On the other hand, if operatingconstraints are restrictive, then a relatively high-order contour may bechosen.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are flowcharts that illustrate methods 400 for creatingan area of interest to use in filtering messages from incoming RVs 130,outlining the different embodiments previously described in relation toFIGS. 2A-3. The HV 110 may repeat either or both of the methods 400 tocontinuously define contours 210 with which message filtering may beconducted. Means for performing these methods may include one or morehardware and/or software components of an HV 110, such as thoseillustrated in FIG. 10, which is described below.

Method 400-A of FIG. 4A, for example, shows the two-step approachpreviously described with regard to FIG. 3, in which contours aredefined based on road conditions (and other logic), and a contour isthen selected based on operating constraints. Specifically, thefunctionality at block 410 comprises obtaining road conditions. Again,this may be obtained from sensors, RVs 130, servers, and/or otherdevices with which the HV 110 is communicatively connected.

As shown at block 420, the contours 210 are then determined, based onthe obtained road conditions and additional logic. Higher-order contours210 may be defined by reducing the number of one or more types of RVs130 (e.g., parameters of Table 1) at each increasing order. Depending ondesired functionality, the HV 110 may determine any number of contours210, which may be fixed or dynamic, depending on desired functionality.

As shown at block 430, operating constraints are then obtained. Asnoted, this may comprise comparing an on-chip temperature and/or ambienttemperature with a temperature threshold of the HV 110, assessingmessage processing capabilities of the HV 110, and/or determiningwhether processing resources are being shared with other processes(e.g., cellular data/voice communication). A contour 210 is thenselected based on the operating constraints, as shown at block 440.

The functionality shown at block 450 comprises identifying RVs 130within the zone of interest defined by the contour 210. Again, this maybe based on location, identity, and/or other information obtaineddirectly from RVs 130, and/or information from other sources. The method400-A can then proceed by processing the messages from the identifiedRVs, while disregarding messages from other RVs. As noted, filteringmessages in this manner can result in a significant reduction inprocessing load by ignoring messages (e.g., BSMs) that are not relevantto the HV 110.

In some embodiments, the disregarding of messages from RVs 130 outsidethe area of interest may be conducted by a combination of functionalityat the application layer and radio layer of the HV 110 (which aredescribed in more detail below). In some embodiments, for example, theapplication layer may perform the functionality at block 450 byidentifying RVs 130 within the zone of interest, then indicate to theradio layer the identity of the identified RVs so that the radio layercan filter incoming messages accordingly. In some embodiments, forexample, the application layer can provide the radio layer with the L2addresses of messages that are to be considered (although this may belimited given the fact that these addresses can change over time).

The method 400-B shows the single-step approach previously discussedwith regard to FIGS. 2A and 2B, in which the functions shown in block410 and 430 of FIG. 4A (obtaining road conditions and operatingconstraints, respectively) are performed together, and, as shown atblock 470, a single contour is determined based on both road conditionsand operating constraints. The method 400-B can then proceed in a mannersimilar to the method 400-A, by identifying RVs in the zone of interest(at block 450) and processing messages from those identified RVs (atblock 460).

Alternative embodiments may vary from the methods 400 shown in FIGS. 4Aand 4B. For example, the two-step process of method 400-A may be suchthat a plurality of contours are determined based on operatingconstraints, and a contour is then selected from the plurality ofcontours, based on road conditions. Additional or alternative factorsmay be taken into account to determine one or more contours.Additionally or alternatively, rather than defining contours based on anumber of RVs of various RV types, a contour (area of interest) may bedefined based on distance. The person of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate other such variations.

Once messages are filtered to exclude messages from RVs 130 outside anarea of interest, embodiments may additionally employ techniques forprioritizing the messages based on a delay budget for each of themessages, which can help smooth processing requirements by delayingmessage processing where possible, as well as help ensure end-to-enddelay budgets are met.

FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram of relevant communicationcomponents of an RV 130 and HV 110 used to help illustrate thefunctionality of different components used for message prioritization.It will be understood that the communication components shown may beexecuted by any number of hardware and/or software components of the RV130 and HV 110, such as those illustrated in FIG. 10 and describedbelow.

Here, each vehicle comprises an application layer 520 and radio layer530. The application layer 520 may comprise (among other things) anIntelligent Transport Systems (ITS) stack, and may be communicativelycoupled with a radio layer 530. As indicated previously, the applicationlayer 520-RX of the HV 110 may determine the area of interest (e.g.,define one or more contours 210) using the above-described techniques.The radio layer 530 may be executed at a modem of the respectivevehicle, may comprise (among other things) a V2X stack and may be usedto communicate messages from the RV 130 to the HV 110 (and vice versa).

As noted, traditional V2X messaging may provide indications of a delaybudget used at the radio layer, but may not provide the framework forkeeping an end-to-end delay budget for messages between the applicationlayer 520-TX of the RV 130 and the application layer 520-RX of the HV110. Embodiments herein may employ functionality at the applicationand/or radio layers to enable such a framework. An example of this isillustrated in FIG. 6.

FIG. 6 is a call-flow diagram, illustrating functionality andcommunications between the various components illustrated in FIG. 5, toenable the HV 110 to prioritize incoming messages, according to anembodiment. The functionality at block 610 comprises the applicationlayer 520-TX generating a message with a corresponding delay budget.That is, according to embodiments, when creating a message (e.g., a BSMmessage), the application layer 520-TX may indicate a delay budget forthe message to the radio layer 530-TX, as shown by arrow 620 in FIG. 6.In some embodiments, the delay budget may be mapped to a priority in amanner similar to Packet Delay Budgets are mapped to Pro se Per PacketPriority (PPPP) for packet data convergence protocol (PDCP)-layercommunications. That is, certain priorities may be mapped to aparticular delay budget. For example, higher priority levels may bemapped to smaller delay budgets (e.g., 20 ms or 50 ms) whereas lowerpriority levels may be mapped to higher delay budgets (e.g., 100 ms). Aswill be appreciated, embodiments may utilize any number of prioritylevels and/or delay budgets. Moreover, in some embodiments, delaybudgets provided by the application layer 520-TX may not be linked toparticular priority levels.

As shown in block 630, the radio layer 530-TX can then determineremaining delay budget. That is, with the delay budget for the message,the radio layer 530-TX can then calculate how much remaining delaybudget will be left for the message once the radio layer 530-TXtransmits the message. More specifically, the radio layer 530-TX candetermine, based on the known time it takes between receiving messagesfrom the application layer 520-TX to transmitting messages, how muchtime there will be remaining in the delay budget once the radio layer530-TX transmits the message. It can communicate this remaining delaybudget with the message using, for example, a reserve field in aPhysical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH). This communication is shownby arrow 640 in FIG. 6.

The functionality at block 650 comprises, the radio layer 530-RX of theHV 110 calculating an updated remaining delay budget by calculating anamount of time it takes for the radio layer 530-RX to provide themessage to the application layer 520-RX. Moreover, although over-the-air(OTA) delays may be relatively small, the radio layer 530-RX may alsotake OTA delays into account when computing the updated remaining delaybudget. The message and the indication of the updated delay budget canthen be provided to the application layer 520-RX, as shown by arrow 670.

Finally, with the message and remaining delay budget, the applicationlayer 520-RX can then prioritize the message processing, as indicated atblock 680. That is, the application layer 520-RX may place the messagein a processing queue with other messages, based on the amount ofremaining delay budget for the message. Thus, the processing of messageswith little delay budget remaining can be conducted more quickly, whilethe processing of messages with a large amount of delay budget remainingcan be conducted later. In this way, the application layer 520-RX hassome flexibility in the timing of such processing, allowing theapplication layer 520-RX to smooth spikes in the processing load overtime. This can also allow the application layer 520-RX to reduce orincrease its operating frequency to accommodate reductions and/orincreases in message processing requirements, given the amount ofmessages received and their corresponding delay budgets.

Some embodiments may employ some prioritization at the radio layer530-RX of the HV 110, as illustrated by block 690. That is, according tosome embodiments, the radio layer 530-RX may determine the amount ofdelay budget the message has left and prioritize providing the messageto the application layer 520-RX accordingly. It can, for example, keepits own queue of messages, where the position of each message in thequeue is based on the amount of delay budget remaining for each message.In some embodiments, the radio layer 530-RX may perform prioritizationof incoming messages in this manner in addition or as an alternative toindicating the remaining delay budget to the application layer 520-RX.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a method of message selection andprioritization at an HV, according to an embodiment. As noted, thefunctionality of an HV may be implemented by hardware and/or softwarecomponents of a vehicle, such as those illustrated in FIG. 10 anddescribed below. As such, in some embodiments, one or more of thefunctions illustrated in the blocks of FIG. 7 may be performed by one ormore of the hardware and/or computer components illustrated in FIG. 7.Furthermore, alternative embodiments may alter the functionality shownin the blocks of FIG. 7 by separating or combining blocks to performfunctions in a different order, simultaneously, etc. A person ofordinary skill in the art will readily recognize such variations in viewof the description herein.

The functionality of block 710 comprises wirelessly receiving messagesfrom a plurality of RVs. As noted with regard to FIG. 1, these messagesmay be received directly from neighboring RVs within communicationrange. According to some embodiments, these messages may be received viaV2X communication. In embodiments utilizing cellular communication(e.g., C-V2X) such embodiments may be made using, for example, a PC5communication interface. As previously discussed, a remaining delaybudget may accompany (included in and/or communicated with) each messagefor prioritization purposes. According to some embodiments, the messagesmay comprise V2X BSMs.

Means for performing the functionality at block 710 may include one ormore software and/or hardware components of a vehicle, such as a bus1001, processor(s) 1010, memory 1060, wireless transceiver 1030, and/orother software and/or hardware components of a vehicle 10000 asillustrated in FIG. 10, which is described in more detail below.

The functionality shown by block 720 comprises determining a firstsubset of the plurality of RVs from which to process the messages,wherein the first subset is determined based at least in part on therespective location of HRV relative to the HV, one or more roadconditions of road on which the HV is located, and one or more operatingconstraints of the HV. As detailed in the embodiments described abovewith regard to FIGS. 2A-4B, for example, the first subset may bedetermined using one or more contours to define one or more areas ofinterest in which the subset of the plurality of RVs is located. Thus,according to some embodiments, determining the first subset of theplurality of RVs comprises defining a plurality of subsets of theplurality of RVs, wherein each subset of the plurality of subsetscomprises a different number of RVs from the plurality of RVs, andselecting the first subset from the plurality of subsets based on theone or more operating constraints. As noted, each subset may be definedby contours of different orders defining different areas of interest,and the contour may be chosen based on its order and the operatingconditions of the HV. Moreover, according to some embodiments, definingeach subset of the plurality of subsets can be based at least in part onthe one or more road conditions.

As noted in the previously-described embodiments, the one or more roadconditions and one or more operating constraints may include any of avariety of related factors. For example, according to some embodiments,the one or more road conditions may comprise a number of lanes of theroad, a current lane of the HV, a speed limit of the road, a roadhazard, a weather condition, a curvature of the road, speed of the HV,heading of the HV, or a trajectory of one or more RVs of the pluralityof RVs, or any combination thereof. According to some embodiments, theone or more operating constraints of the HV may comprise a messageprocessing capability, a thermal constraint, a concurrency constraint,or any combination thereof.

Means for performing the functionality at block 720 may include one ormore software and/or hardware components of a vehicle, such as a bus1001, processor(s) 1010, memory 1060, wireless transceiver(s) 1030,and/or other software and/or hardware components of a vehicle 10000 asillustrated in FIG. 10.

At block 730, the functionality comprises, for each message receivedfrom an RV in the first subset, determining a priority for therespective message based at least in part on an indication of aremaining delay budget for the respective message, wherein the priorityfor the respective message determines an order in which the content ofthe respective message is to be processed by the HV, and the indicationof the remaining delay budget for the respective message is receivedwith the respective message. As noted in the previously-describedembodiments, the respective message may include or be accompanied by aremaining delay budget determined by a radio layer of the RVtransmitting the respective message, which can be utilized by a radiolayer and/or application layer of the HV to help ensure an end-to-enddelay budget is met. In some embodiments, for example, determining thepriority for the respective message comprises obtaining, at a radiolayer of the HV, the indication of the remaining delay budget for therespective message of the respective message, and providing, from theradio layer to an application layer of the HV, the indication of theremaining delay. In some embodiments, providing the indication of theremaining delay may comprise providing a modified indication of theremaining delay to account for (i) delay of the radio layer and (ii) OTAdelay. Additionally or alternatively, the radio layer of the HV canobtain the indication of the remaining delay budget for the respectivemessage via a PSCCH for the respective message.

Means for performing the functionality at block 730 may include one ormore software and/or hardware components of a vehicle, such as a bus1001, processor(s) 1010, memory 1060, wireless transceiver(s) 1030,and/or other software and/or hardware components of a vehicle 1000 asillustrated in FIG. 10. According to some embodiments, for example, theradio layer may be executed by the wireless transceiver(s) 1030 and theapplication layer may be executed by the processor(s) 1010 and/or DSP1020.

As noted in the above-described embodiments, the functionality performedat block 720 may include filtering of messages from RVs in the pluralityof RVs that are not in the first subset. This filtering may be performedat the radio layer (e.g., modem), application layer, or combination ofboth. Additionally or alternatively, the message sorting (e.g., thefunctionality at block 730) for messages coming from RVs in the firstsubset can be done in radio layer (e.g., optional prioritization atblock 690 of radio layer 530-Rx in FIG. 6) or application layer (e.g.,prioritize message processing at block 680 by application layer 520-Rxin FIG. 6) or a combination of both.

FIGS. 8-10 are illustrations of systems, structural devices, vehiclecomponents, and other devices, components, and systems that can be usedto implement the techniques provided herein for message filtering andprioritization at an HV 110. In the description below, HVs 110 and RVs130 as used in the previously-described embodiments are referred togenerically simply as “vehicles.”

FIG. 8 is an illustration of a system in which vehicles (e.g., HV and/orRV) may communicate over various networks and with various devices,vehicles, and servers, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, V2Xvehicle A 880 may communicate, using V2X or other wireless communicationtransceiver over link 823, with V2X or otherwisecommunication-transceiver-enabled vehicle B 890, for example, in anembodiment to perform inter-vehicle relative positioning, negotiationfor lane changes or for passage through an intersection, and to exchangeV2X data elements such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)measurements, vehicle status, vehicle location and vehicle abilities,measurement data, and/or calculated status, and to exchange other V2Xvehicle status steps that may not be covered in the V2X capability dataelements. In an embodiment, vehicle A 880 may also communicate withvehicle B 890 through a network, for example, via wireless signals 822to/from base station 820 and/or via wireless signals 832 to/from anaccess point 830, or via one or more communication-enabled RSU(s) 825,any of which may relay communication, information and/or convertprotocols for use by other vehicles, such as vehicle B 890, particularlyin an embodiment where vehicle B 890 is not capable of communicatingdirectly with vehicle A 880 in a common protocol. In an embodiment,RSU(s) may comprise various types of roadside beacons, traffic and/orvehicular monitors, traffic control devices, and location beacons.

In an embodiment, RSU(s) 825 may have a processor 825A configured tooperate wireless transceiver 825E to send and receive wireless messages,for example, BSM or Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM) or other V2Xmessages to/from vehicle A 880 and/or vehicle B 890, from base station820 and/or access point 830. For example, wireless transceiver 825E maysend and/or receive wireless messages in various protocols such as V2Xcommunication with vehicles, and/or using various Wide Area Network(WAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and/or Personal Area Network(PAN) protocols to communicate over a wireless communication network. Inan embodiment RSU(s) 825 may contain one or more processors 825Acommunicatively coupled to wireless transceiver 825E and memory, and maycontain instructions and/or hardware to perform as a traffic controlunit 825C and/or to provide and/or process environmental and roadsidesensor information 825D or to act as a location reference for GNSSrelative location between it and vehicles. In an embodiment, RSU(s) 825may contain a network interface 825B (and/or a wireless transceiver825E), which, in an embodiment, may communicate with external serverssuch as traffic optimization server 865, vehicle information server 855,and/or environmental data server 840. In an embodiment, wirelesstransceiver 825E may communicate over a wireless communication networkby transmitting or receiving wireless signals from a wireless BaseTransceiver Subsystem (BTS), a Node B or an evolved NodeB (eNodeB) or anext generation NodeB (gNodeB) over wireless communication link. In anembodiment, wireless transceiver(s) 825E may comprise variouscombinations of WAN, WLAN and/or PAN transceivers. In an embodiment, alocal transceiver may also be a Bluetooth® transceiver, a ZigBeetransceiver, or other PAN transceiver. A local transceiver, a WANwireless transceiver and/or a mobile wireless transceiver may comprise aWAN transceiver, an access point (AP), femtocell, Home Base Station,small cell base station, Home Node B (HNB), Home eNodeB (HeNB) or nextgeneration NodeB (gNodeB) and may provide access to a wireless localarea network (WLAN, e.g., IEEE 802.11 network), a wireless personal areanetwork (PAN, e.g., Bluetooth network) or a cellular network (e.g. anLTE network or other wireless wide area network such as those discussedin the next paragraph). It should be understood that these are merelyexamples of networks that may communicate with an RSU(s) 825 over awireless link, and claimed subject matter is not limited in thisrespect.

RSU(s) 825 may receive location, status, GNSS and other sensormeasurements, and capability information from vehicle A 880 and/orvehicle B 890 such as GNSS measurements, sensor measurements, velocity,heading, location, stopping distance, priority or emergency status andother vehicle-related information. In an embodiment, environmentalinformation such as road surface information/status, weather status, andcamera information may be gathered and shared with vehicles, either viapoint to point or broadcast messaging. RSU(s) 825 may utilize receivedinformation, via wireless transceiver 825E, from vehicle A 880 and/orvehicle B 890, environmental and roadside sensors 825D, and networkinformation and control messages from, for example, traffic control andoptimization server 865 to coordinate and direct traffic flow and toprovide environmental, vehicular, safety and announcement messages tovehicle A 880 and vehicle B 890.

Processor 825A may be configured to operate a network interface 825B, inan embodiment, which may be connected via a backhaul to network 870, andwhich may be used, in an embodiment, to communicate and coordinate withvarious centralized servers such as a centralized traffic control andoptimization server 865 that monitors and optimizes the flow of trafficin an area such as within a city or a section of a city or in a region.Network interface 825B may also be utilized for remote access to RSU(s)825 for crowd sourcing of vehicle data, maintenance of the RSU(s) 825,and/or coordination with other RSU(s) 825 or other uses. RSU(s) 825 mayhave a processor 825A configured to operate traffic control unit 825Cwhich may be configured to process data received from vehicles such asvehicle A 880 and vehicle B 890 such as location data, stopping distancedata, road condition data, identification data and other informationrelated to the status and location of nearby vehicles and environment.RSU(s) 825 may have a processor 825A configured to obtain data fromenvironmental and roadside sensors 825D, which may include temperature,weather, camera, pressure sensors, road sensors (for car detection, forexample), accident detection, movement detection, speed detection andother vehicle and environmental monitoring sensors.

In an embodiment, vehicle A 880 may also communicate with mobile device800 using short range communication and personal networks such asBluetooth, Wi-Fi or Zigbee or via V2X or other vehicle-relatedcommunication protocols, for example, in an embodiment to access WANand/or Wi-Fi networks and/or, in an embodiment, to obtain sensor and/orlocation measurements from mobile device 800. In an embodiment, vehicleA 880 may communicate with mobile device 800 using WAN related protocolsthrough a WAN network, such as via WAN base station 820 or using Wi-Fieither directly peer to peer or via a Wi-Fi access point. Vehicle A 880and/or vehicle B 890 may communicate using various communicationprotocols. In an embodiment, vehicle A 880 and/or vehicle B 890 maysupport various and multiple modes of wireless communication such as,for example, using V2X, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM),Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Code-division multipleaccess (CDMA), High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, WiMAX,LTE, 5G new radio access technology (NR) communication protocols, etc.

In an embodiment, vehicle A may communicate over WAN networks using WANprotocols via base station 820 or with wireless LAN access point 830using wireless LAN protocols such as Wi-Fi. A vehicle may also supportwireless communication using a WLAN, PAN (such as Bluetooth or ZigBee),Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or packet cable for example.

Vehicle A 880 and/or vehicle B 890, in an embodiment, may contain one ormore GNSS receivers such as GNSS receiver 1070 for reception of GNSSsignals 812, from GNSS satellites 810, for location determination, timeacquisition and time maintenance. Various GNSS systems may be supportedalone or in combination, using GNSS receiver 1070 or other receiver, toreceive signals from Beidou, Galileo, GLONASS, and/or Global PositioningSystem (GPS), and various regional navigational systems such asQuasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) and NavIC or Indian RegionalNavigation Satellite System (IRNSS). Other wireless systems may beutilized such as those depending on beacons such as, in an example, oneor more RSU(s) 825, one or more wireless LAN access point 830 or one ormore base stations 820. Various GNSS signals 812 may be utilized inconjunction with car sensors to determine location, velocity, proximityto other vehicles such as between vehicle A 880 and vehicle B 890.

In an embodiment, vehicle A and/or vehicle B may access GNSSmeasurements and/or locations determined at least in part using GNSS asprovided by mobile device 800, which, in an embodiment would also haveGNSS, WAN, Wi-Fi and other communications receivers and/or transceivers.In an embodiment, vehicle A 880 and/or vehicle B 890 may access GNSSmeasurements (such as pseudorange measurements, Doppler measurements andsatellite IDs) and/or locations determined at least in part using GNSSas provided by mobile device 800 as a fallback in case GNSS receiver1070 fails or provides less than a threshold level of location accuracy.

Vehicle A 880 and/or Vehicle B 890 may access various servers on thenetwork such as vehicle information server 855, route server 845,location server 860, map server 850, and environmental data server 840.

Vehicle information server 855, may provide information describingvarious vehicles such as antenna location, vehicle size and vehiclecapabilities, as may be utilized in making decisions in regards tomaneuvers relative to nearby cars such as whether they are capable ofstopping or accelerating in time, whether they are autonomously driven,autonomous driving capable, communications capable. In an embodiment,vehicle information server 855 may also provide information in regard tovehicle size, shape, capabilities, identification, ownership, occupancy,and/or determined location point (such as, for example, the location ofthe GNSS receiver) and the location of the car boundaries relative tothe determined location point.

Route server 845, may receive current location and destinationinformation, and provide routing information for the vehicle, map data,alternative route data and/or traffic and street conditions data.

Location server 860, in an embodiment, may provide locationdetermination capabilities, transmitter signal acquisition assistance(such as GNSS satellite orbital predictions information, timeinformation approximate location information and/or approximate timeinformation), transceiver almanacs such as those containingidentification of and location for Wi-Fi access points and basestations, and, in some embodiments, additional information relative tothe route such as speed limits, traffic, and road status/constructionstatus. Map server 850 which may provide map data, such as roadlocations, points of interest along the road, address locations alongthe roads, road size, road speed limits, traffic conditions, and/or roadconditions (wet, slippery, snowy/icy, etc.), road status (open, underconstruction, accidents, etc.). Environmental data server 840 may, in anembodiment, provide weather and/or road related information, trafficinformation, terrain information, and/or road quality & speedinformation and/or other pertinent environmental data.

In an embodiment, Vehicles 880 and 890 and mobile devices 800, in FIG.8, may communication over network 870 via various network access pointssuch as wireless LAN access point 830 or wireless WAN base station 820over network 870. Vehicles 880 and 890 and mobile devices 800 may also,in some embodiments, communicate directly between devices, betweenvehicles and device to vehicle and vehicle to device using various shortrange communications mechanisms to communicate directly without goingover network 870, such as via Bluetooth, Zigbee and 5G new radiostandards.

FIG. 9 comprises a functional block diagram of a vehicle 1000, accordingto an embodiment. The vehicle 1000 we correspond to an HV 110 and/or RV130, as described in the embodiments above. Moreover, hardware and/orsoftware components for executing the blocks shown in FIG. 9 areillustrated in FIG. 10 and described in more detail below.

As shown in FIG. 9, vehicle 1000 may receive vehicle and environmentinformation from vehicle external sensors 902, vehicle internal sensors904, vehicle capabilities 906, external wireless information such as thelocation of RVs and GNSS measurement information 908 (from theenvironment, from other vehicles, from RSU(s), from system servers)and/or from vehicle motion state 910 (describing current and/or futuremotion states). The messages received by an HV 110 from RVs 130described in the embodiments above, for example, may convey the dataprovided in blocks 908 and/or 910. The received vehicle, sensor, andenvironment information may, in an embodiment, be processed in one ormore processor(s) 1010, DSP(s) 1020 and memory 1060 (shown in FIG. 10),connected and configured to provide external object sensing andclassification, prediction and planning, and maneuver execution, as wellas to determine and update V2X or other wireless data element values,including GNSS data element values, and to transmit, via one or morewireless transceivers 1030, messaging including the determined dataelements. The messaging and data elements may be sent and received viavarious means, protocols and standards, such as via SAE or EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) CV2X messages and dataelements or other wireless and wireless V2X protocols supported bywireless transceiver(s) 130.

Inter-vehicle relative location determination block 928 may be used todetermine relative location of vehicles in an area of interest. In anembodiment, GNSS data is exchanged with vehicles (e.g., RVs), or otherdevices such as RSUs, to determine and/or verify and/or increase theaccuracy of a relative location associated with other vehicles ordevices. In one embodiment, determining vehicles (or other devices)within an area of interest may utilize broadcast location informationsuch as broadcast latitude and longitude received in messages (e.g.,BSMs) from other vehicles other devices and location information forvehicle 1000 to determine an approximate relative location and/or anapproximate range between vehicles. This information can be used by anHV 110, for example, to define contours 210 as described in theembodiments above, and/or identify RVs 130 within an area of interest.

In an embodiment, other vehicle-related input sources, such as servers855, 845, 860, 850, and 840, may provide information such as vehicleinformation, routing, location assistance, map data and environmentaldata and provide input on and/or complement and/or be used inconjunction with the other inputs, for example road location data, mapdata, driving condition data and other vehicle-related data inputs, usedin conjunction with inter-vehicle maneuver coordination 924 to determinemaneuver execution 926. In an embodiment, the map data may includelocations of roadside units relative to the road location, where thevehicle may utilize relative positioning between an RSU in combinationwith the map data to determine positioning relative to the road surface,particularly in situations where other systems may fail such as due tolow visibility weather conditions (snow, rain, sandstorm, etc.). In anembodiment, map data from map server 850 may be utilized in conjunctionwith relative and/or absolute data from neighboring vehicles and/or fromRSU(s) 825 to determine high confidence absolute location for aplurality of vehicles and relative location with respect to theroad/map. For example, if vehicle A 880 has high accuracy/highconfidence location than other vehicles in communication with vehicle A880, such as vehicle B 890 may use GNSS information for a highlyaccurate relative location and the highly accurate location from vehicleA 880 sent to vehicle B 890 to determine a highly accurate location forvehicle B 890, even if the systems of vehicle B 890 are otherwise unableto calculate a highly accurate location in a particular situation orenvironment. In this situation, the presence of vehicle A with a highlyaccurate location determination system provides benefits to allsurrounding vehicles by sharing one or more highly accurate locationsalong with ongoing relative location information. Furthermore, assumingthe map data from map server 850 is accurate, the ability to propagatehighly accurate location data from vehicle A 880 to surrounding vehiclessuch as vehicle B 890 enables the surrounding vehicles to alsoaccurately determine their relative location versus the map data, evenin otherwise troublesome signal/location environments. Vehicleinformation server 855 may provide vehicle information such as size,shape, and antenna location which may be utilized, for example, byvehicle A or other vehicles to determine not just the relative locationbetween the GNSS receiver on vehicle A 880 and, for example, vehicle B890, but also the distance between the closest points of Vehicle A 880and Vehicle B 890. In an embodiment, traffic information from thetraffic control and optimization server 865 may be utilized to determineoverall path selection and rerouting, used in conjunction with routeserver 845 (in an embodiment). In an embodiment, environmental dataserver 840 may provide input on road conditions, black ice, snow, wateron the road and other environmental conditions which may also impact thedecisions and decision criteria in inter-vehicle maneuver coordinationblock 924 and maneuver execution block 926. For example, in icy or rainyconditions, the vehicle 1000 may execute and/or request increasedinter-vehicle distance from adjacent vehicles or may choose routeoptions that avoid road hazard conditions such as black ice and standingwater.

Block 928 may be implemented using various dedicated or generalizedhardware and software, such as using processor 1010 and/or DSP 1020 andmemory 1060 (again, as shown in FIG. 10) or, in an embodiment, inspecialized hardware blocks such as dedicated sensor processing and/orvehicle messaging cores. According to some embodiments, the location ofnearby vehicles may be determined through various means such as based onsignal-based timing measurements such as Round-Trip Time (RTT) and TimeOf Arrival (TOA), signal strength of a broadcast signal for vehicles,and a distance determined based upon broadcast latitude and longitudefrom a neighboring vehicle and the current location of the vehicle.Additionally or alternatively, location of nearby vehicles may bedetermined from sensor measurements such as LIght Detection And Ranging(LIDAR), RAdio Detection And Ranging (RADAR), SONAR, and camerameasurements. In an embodiment, some or all of blocks 902, 904, 906, 908and/or 910 may have dedicated processing cores, for example, to improveperformance and reduce measurement latency. In an embodiment, some orall of blocks 902, 904, 906, 908 and/or 910 may share processing withblock 928.

Vehicle external sensors 902 may comprise, in some embodiments, cameras,LIDAR, RADAR, proximity sensors, rain sensors, weather sensors, GNSSreceivers 1070 and received data used with the sensors such as map data,environmental data, location, route and/or other vehicle informationsuch as may be received from other vehicles, devices and servers suchas, in an embodiment, map server 850, route server 845, vehicleinformation server 855, environmental data server 840, location server860, and/or from associated devices such as mobile device 800, which maybe present in or near to the vehicle such as vehicle A 880. For example,in an embodiment, mobile device 800 may provide an additional source ofGNSS measurements, may provide an additional source of motion sensormeasurements, or may provide network access as a communication portal toa WAN, Wi-Fi or other network, and as a gateway to various informationservers such as servers 840, 845, 850, 855, 860, and/or 865.

It is understood that the vehicle 1000 may contain one or a plurality ofcameras. In an embodiment, a camera may be front facing, side facing,rear facing or adjustable in view (such as a rotatable camera). As shownin FIG. 11, for example, there may be multiple cameras 1106 facing thesame plane. For example, the cameras 1106 and bumper-mounted camera at1108 may comprise two front facing cameras, one focused on lower objectsand/or a lower point of view (such as bumper mounted) for parkingpurposes and one focusing on a higher point of view such as to tracktraffic, other vehicles, pedestrians and more distant objects. In anembodiment, various views may be stitched and/or may be correlatedagainst other inputs such as V2X input from other vehicles to optimizetracking of other vehicles and external entities and objects and/or tocalibrate sensor systems against each other. LIDAR 1104 may be roofmounted and rotating or may be focused on a particular point of view(such as front facing, rear facing, side facing). LIDAR 1104 may besolid state or mechanical. Proximity sensors may be ultrasonic,RADAR-based, light-based (such as based on infrared range finding),and/or capacitive (surface touch oriented or capacitive detection ofmetallic bodies). Rain and weather sensors may include various sensingcapabilities and technologies such as barometric pressure sensors,moisture detectors, rain sensors, and/or light sensors and/or mayleverage other pre-existing sensor systems. GNSS receivers may beroof-mounted, such as in the fin antenna assembly at the rear of theroof of a car, hood or dash mounted or otherwise placed within theexterior or interior of the vehicle.

In an embodiment, vehicle internal sensors 904 may comprise wheelsensors 1112 such as tire pressure sensors, brake pad sensors, brakestatus sensors, speedometers and other speed sensors, heading sensorsand/or orientation sensors such as magnetometers and geomagneticcompasses, distance sensors such as odometers and wheel tic sensors,inertial sensors such as accelerometers and gyros as well as inertialpositioning results using the above-mentioned sensors, and yaw, pitchand/or roll sensors as may be determined individually or as determinedusing other sensor systems such as accelerometers, gyros and/or tiltsensors.

Both vehicle internal sensors 904 and vehicle external sensors 902 mayhave shared or dedicated processing capability. For example, a sensorsystem or subsystem may have a sensor processing core or cores thatdetermines, based on measurements and other inputs from accelerometers,gyros, magnetometers and/or other sensing systems, car status valuessuch as yaw, pitch, roll, heading, speed, acceleration capability and/ordistance, and/or stopping distance. The different sensing systems maycommunicate with each other to determine measurement values or sendvalues to block 928 to determine vehicle location. The car status valuesderived from measurements from internal and external sensors may befurther combined with car status values and/or measurements from othersensor systems using a general or applications processor. For example,blocks 928 and/or 924 or may be implemented on a dedicated or acentralized processor to determine data element values for V2X messagingwhich may be sent utilizing wireless transceivers 1030 or via othercommunication transceivers. In an embodiment, the sensors may besegregated into related systems, for example, LIDAR, RADAR, motion,wheel systems, etc., operated by dedicated core processing for rawresults to output car status values from each core that are combined andinterpreted to derive combined car status values, including capabilitydata elements and status data elements, that may be used to control orotherwise affect car operation and/or as messaging steps shared withother vehicles and/or systems via V2X or other messaging capabilities.These messaging capabilities may be based on, in an embodiment, avariety of wireless-related, light-related or other communicationstandards, such as those supported by wireless transceiver(s) 1030 andantenna(s) 1032.

In an embodiment, vehicle capabilities 906 may comprise performanceestimates for stopping, breaking, acceleration, and turning radius, andautonomous and/or non-autonomous status and/or capability orcapabilities. The capability estimates may be based upon storedestimates, which may be loaded, in an embodiment, into memory. Theseestimates may be based on empirical performance numbers, either for aspecific vehicle, or for averages across one or more vehicles, and/orone or more models for a given performance figure. Where performanceestimates for multiple models are averaged or otherwise combined, theymay be chosen based on similar or common features. For example, vehicleswith similar or the same weight and the same or similar drive trains mayshare performance estimates for drive-performance related estimates suchas breaking/stopping distance, turning radius, and accelerationperformance. Vehicle performance estimates may also be obtained, forexample, using external V2X input(s) 908, over a wireless network fromvehicular data servers on the network. This is particularly helpful toobtain information for vehicles that are not wireless capable and cannotprovide vehicular information directly. In an embodiment, vehiclecapabilities 906 may also be influenced by car component status such astire wear, tire brand capabilities, brake pad wear, brake brand andcapabilities, and engine status. In an embodiment, vehicle capabilities906 may also be influenced by overall car status such as speed, headingand by external factors such as road surface, road conditions (wet, dry,slipperiness/traction), weather (windy, rainy, snowing, black ice, slickroads, etc.). In many cases, wear, or other system degradation, andexternal factors such as weather, road surface, road conditions, etc.may be utilized to reduce, validate or improve performance estimates. Insome embodiments, actual measured vehicle performance such as measuringvehicular stopping distance and/or acceleration time per distance, maybe measured and/or estimated based on actual vehicular driving-relatedperformance. In an embodiment, more recently measured performance may beweighted more heavily or given preference over older measurements, ifmeasurements are inconsistent. Similarly, in an embodiment, measurementstaken during similar conditions such as in the same type of weather oron the same type of road surface as is currently detected by thevehicle, such as via vehicle external sensors 902 and/or vehicleinternal sensors 904, may be weighted more heavily and/or givenpreference in determining capability.

V2X vehicle sensing, prediction, planning execution 912 handles thereceipt and processing of information from blocks 902, 904, 906, 908 and910, via external object sensing and classification block 914, in partutilizing sensor fusion and object classification block 916 tocorrelate, corroborate and/or combine data from input blocks 902, 904,906, 908 and 910. Block 914 external object sensing and classificationdetermines objects present, determines type of objects (car, truck,bicycle, motorcycle, pedestrian, animal, etc.) and/or object statusrelative to the vehicle, such as movement status, proximity, heading,and/or position relative to the vehicle, size, threat level, andvulnerability priority (a pedestrian would have a higher vulnerabilitypriority versus road litter, for example). In an embodiment, block 914may utilize GNSS measurement messages from other vehicles to determinethe relative positioning to other vehicles. This output from block 914may be provided to prediction and planning block 918, which determinesdetected objects and vehicles and their associated trajectory via block920 and determines vehicle maneuver and path planning in block 922, theoutputs of which are utilized in block 926 vehicle maneuver executioneither directly or via V2X inter-vehicle negotiation block 924, whichwould integrate and account for maneuver planning, location and statusreceived from other vehicles. V2X inter-vehicle negotiation accounts forthe status of neighboring vehicles and enables negotiation andcoordination between neighboring or otherwise impacted vehicles based onvehicle priority, vehicle capabilities (such as the ability to stop,decelerate or accelerate to avoid collision), and, in some embodiments,various conditions such as weather conditions (rainy, foggy, snow,wind), road conditions (dry, wet, icy, slippery). These include, forexample, negotiation for timing and order to pass through anintersection between cars approaching the intersection, negotiation forlane change between adjacent cars, negotiation for parking spaces,negotiation for access to directional travel on a single lane road or topass another vehicle. Inter-vehicle negotiation may also includetime-based and/or distance-based factors such as appointment time,destination distance and estimated route time to reach destination, and,in some embodiments, type of appointment and importance of theappointment.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of various hardware and software componentsof a vehicle 1000, according to an embodiment. Again, the vehicle 1000may correspond with the HV 110 and/or RVs 130 described in theembodiments above. Further, the vehicle may comprise for example, a car,truck, motorcycle and/or other motorized vehicle, may transmit radiosignals to, and receive radio signals from, other vehicles 1000, forexample, via V2X car to car communication (for example, using one of theCV2X vehicle to vehicle communication protocols), and/or from a wirelesscommunication network 870, in an embodiment, via WAN, base station 820,and/or wireless access point 830, and/or from RSU(s) 825. In oneexample, vehicle 1000 (e.g., vehicle 880) may communicate, via wirelesstransceiver(s) 1030 and wireless antenna(s) 1032 with other vehicles(e.g., vehicle 890) and/or wireless communication networks bytransmitting wireless signals to, or receiving wireless signals from aremote wireless transceiver which may comprise another vehicle 890, abase station 820 (e.g., a NodeB, eNodeB, or gNodeB) or wireless accesspoint 830, over a wireless communication link.

Similarly, vehicle 1000 may transmit wireless signals to, or receivewireless signals from a local transceiver over a wireless communicationlink, for example, by using a WLAN and/or a PAN wireless transceiver,here represented by one of wireless transceiver(s) 1030 and wirelessantenna(s) 1032. In an embodiment, wireless transceiver(s) 1030 maycomprise various combinations of WAN, WLAN, and/or PAN transceivers. Inan embodiment, wireless transceiver(s) 1030 may also comprise aBluetooth transceiver, a ZigBee transceiver, or other PAN transceiver.In an embodiment, vehicle 1000 may transmit wireless signals to, orreceive wireless signals from a wireless transceiver 1030 on a vehicle1000 over wireless communication link 1034. A local transceiver, a WANwireless transceiver and/or a mobile wireless transceiver may comprise aWAN transceiver, an access point (AP), femtocell, Home Base Station,small cell base station, HNB, HeNB, or gNodeB and may provide access toa wireless local area network (WLAN, e.g., IEEE 802.11 network), awireless personal area network (PAN, e.g., Bluetooth network) or acellular network (e.g., an LTE network or other wireless wide areanetwork such as those discussed in the next paragraph). Of course, itshould be understood that these are merely examples of networks that maycommunicate with a vehicle over a wireless link, and claimed subjectmatter is not limited in this respect. It is also understood thatwireless transceiver(s) 1030 may be located on various types of vehicles1000, such as boats, ferries, cars, buses, drones, and various transportvehicles. In an embodiment, the vehicle 1000 may be utilized forpassenger transport, package transport or other purposes. In anembodiment, GNSS signals 1074 from GNSS Satellites are utilized byvehicle 1000 for location determination and/or for the determination ofGNSS signal parameters and demodulated data. In an embodiment, signals1034 from WAN transceiver(s), WLAN and/or PAN local transceivers areused for location determination, alone or in combination with GNSSsignals 1074.

Examples of network technologies that may support wireless transceivers1030 are GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, LTE, 5G or New Radio Access Technology (NR),HRPD, and V2X car-to-car communication. As noted, V2X communicationprotocols may be defined in various standards such as SAE and ETS-ITSstandards. GSM, WCDMA and LTE are technologies defined by 3GPP. CDMA andHRPD are technologies defined by the 3^(rd) Generation PartnershipProject II (3GPP2). WCDMA is also part of the Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS) and may be supported by an HNB.

Wireless transceivers 1030 may communicate with communications networksvia WAN wireless base stations which may comprise deployments ofequipment providing subscriber access to a wireless telecommunicationnetwork for a service (e.g., under a service contract). Here, a WANwireless base station may perform functions of a WAN or cell basestation in servicing subscriber devices within a cell determined based,at least in part, on a range at which the WAN wireless base station iscapable of providing access service. Examples of WAN base stationsinclude GSM, WCDMA, LTE, CDMA, HRPD, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, WiMAX, 5G NR basestations. In an embodiment, further wireless base stations may comprisea WLAN and/or PAN transceiver.

In an embodiment, vehicle 1000 may contain one or more cameras 1035. Inan embodiment, the camera may comprise a camera sensor and mountingassembly. Different mounting assemblies may be used for differentcameras on vehicle 1000. For example, front facing cameras may bemounted in the front bumper, in the stem of the rear-view mirrorassembly or in other front facing areas of the vehicle 1000. Rear facingcameras may be mounted in the rear bumper/fender, on the rearwindshield, on the trunk or other rear facing areas of the vehicle. Theside facing mirrors may be mounted on the side of the vehicle such asbeing integrated into the mirror assembly or door assemblies. Thecameras may provide object detection and distance estimation,particularly for objects of known size and/or shape (e.g., a stop signand a license plate both have standardized size and shape) and may alsoprovide information regarding rotational motion relative to the axis ofthe vehicle such as during a turn. When used in concert with the othersensors, the cameras may both be calibrated through the use of othersystems such as through the use of LIDAR, wheel tick/distance sensors,and/or GNSS to verify distance traveled and angular orientation. Thecameras may similarly be used to verify and calibrate the other systemsto verify that distance measurements are correct, for example bycalibrating against known distances between known objects (landmarks,roadside markers, road mile markers, etc.) and also to verify thatobject detection is performed accurately such that objects areaccordingly mapped to the correct locations relative to the car by LIDARand other system. Similarly, when combined with, for example,accelerometers, impact time with road hazards, may be estimated (elapsedtime before hitting a pot hole for example) which may be verifiedagainst actual time of impact and/or verified against stopping models(for example, compared against the estimated stopping distance ifattempting to stop before hitting an object) and/or maneuvering models(verifying whether current estimates for turning radius at current speedand/or a measure of maneuverability at current speed are accurate in thecurrent conditions and modified accordingly to update estimatedparameters based on camera and other sensor measurements).

Accelerometers, gyros and magnetometers 1040, in an embodiment, may beutilized to provide and/or verify motion and directional information.Accelerometers and gyros may be utilized to monitor wheel and drivetrain performance. Accelerometers, in an embodiment, may also beutilized to verify actual time of impact with road hazards such as potholes relative to predicted times based on existing stopping andacceleration models as well as steering models. Gyros and magnetometersmay, in an embodiment, be utilized to measure rotational status of thevehicle as well as orientation relative to magnetic north, respectively,and to measure and calibrate estimates and/or models for turning radiusat current speed and/or a measure of maneuverability at current speed,particularly when used in concert with measurements from other externaland internal sensors such as other sensors 1045 such as speed sensors,wheel tick sensors, and/or odometer measurements.

LIDAR 1050 uses pulsed laser light to measure ranges to objects. Whilecameras may be used for object detection, LIDAR 1050 provides a means,to detect the distances (and orientations) of the objects with morecertainty, especially in regard to objects of unknown size and shape.LIDAR 1050 measurements may also be used to estimate rate of travel,vector directions, relative position and stopping distance by providingaccurate distance measurements and delta distance measurements.

Memory 1060 may be utilized with processor 1010 and/or DSP 1020, whichmay comprise Random Access Memory (RAM), Read-Only Memory (ROM), discdrive, FLASH, or other memory devices or various combinations thereof.In an embodiment, memory 1060 may contain instructions to implementvarious methods described throughout this description including, forexample, processes to implement the use of relative positioning betweenvehicles and between vehicles and external reference objects such asroadside units. In an embodiment, memory may contain instructions foroperating and calibrating sensors, and for receiving map, weather,vehicular (both vehicle 1000 and surrounding vehicles, e.g., HV 110 andRVs 130) and other data, and utilizing various internal and externalsensor measurements and received data and measurements to determinedriving parameters such as relative position, absolute position,stopping distance, acceleration and turning radius at current speedand/or maneuverability at current speed, inter-car distance, turninitiation/timing and performance, and initiation/timing of drivingoperations.

In an embodiment, power and drive systems (generator, battery,transmission, engine) and related systems 1075 and systems (brake,actuator, throttle control, steering, and electrical) 1055 may becontrolled by the processor(s) and/or hardware or software or by anoperator of the vehicle or by some combination thereof. The systems(brake, actuator, throttle control, steering, electrical, etc.) 1055 andpower and drive or other systems 1075 may be utilized in conjunctionwith performance parameters and operational parameters, to enableautonomously (and manually, relative to alerts and emergencyoverrides/braking/stopping) driving and operating a vehicle 1000 safelyand accurately, such as to safely, effectively and efficiently mergeinto traffic, stop, accelerate and otherwise operate the vehicle 1000.In an embodiment, input from the various sensor systems such as camera1035, accelerometers, gyros and magnetometers 1040, LIDAR 1050, GNSSreceiver 1070, RADAR 1053, input, messaging and/or measurements fromwireless transceiver(s) 1030 and/or other sensors 1045 or variouscombinations thereof, may be utilized by processor 1010 and/or DSP 1020or other processing systems to control power and drive systems 1075 andsystems (brake actuator, throttle control, steering, electrical, etc.)1055.

A global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver 1070 may beutilized to determine position relative to the earth (absolute position)and, when used with other information such as measurements from otherobjects and/or mapping data, to determine position relative to otherobjects such as relative to other vehicles and/or relative to the roadsurface. To determine position, the GNSS receiver 1070, may receive RFsignals 1074 from GNSS satellites (e.g., RF signals 812 from GNSSsatellites 810) using one or more antennas 1072 (which, depending onfunctional requirements, may be the same as antennas 1032). The GNSSreceiver 1070 may support one or more GNSS constellations as well asother satellite-based navigation systems. For example, in an embodiment,GNSS receiver 1070 may support global navigation satellite systems suchas GPS, the GLONASS, Galileo, and/or BeiDou, or any combination thereof.In an embodiment, GNSS receiver 1070 may support regional navigationsatellite systems such as NavIC or QZSS or a combination thereof as wellas various augmentation systems (e.g., Satellite Based AugmentationSystems (SBAS) or ground based augmentation systems (GBAS)) such asDoppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite(DORIS) or wide area augmentation system (WAAS) or the Europeangeostationary navigation overlay service (EGNOS) or the multi-functionalsatellite augmentation system (MSAS) or the local area augmentationsystem (LAAS). In an embodiment, GNSS receiver(s) 1030 and antenna(s)1032 may support multiple bands and sub-bands such as GPS L1, L2 and L5bands, Galileo E1, E5, and E6 bands, Compass (BeiDou) B1, B3 and B2bands, GLONASS G1, G2 and G3 bands, and QZSS L1C, L2C and L5-Q bands.

The GNSS receiver 1070 may be used to determine location and relativelocation which may be utilized for location, navigation, and tocalibrate other sensors, when appropriate, such as for determiningdistance between two time points in clear sky conditions and using thedistance data to calibrate other sensors such as the odometer and/orLIDAR. In an embodiment, GNSS-based relative locations, based on, forexample shared Doppler and/or pseudorange measurements between vehicles,may be used to determine highly accurate distances between two vehicles,and when combined with vehicle information such as shape and modelinformation and GNSS antenna location, may be used to calibrate,validate and/or affect the confidence level associated with informationfrom LIDAR, camera, RADAR, SONAR and other distance estimationtechniques. GNSS Doppler measurements may also be utilized to determinelinear motion and rotational motion of the vehicle or of the vehiclerelative to another vehicle, which may be utilized in conjunction withgyro and/or magnetometer and other sensor systems to maintaincalibration of those systems based upon measured location data. RelativeGNSS positional data may also be combined with high confidence absolutelocations from RSUs, to determine high confidence absolute locations ofthe vehicle. Furthermore, relative GNSS positional data may be usedduring inclement weather that may obscure LIDAR and/or camera-based datasources to avoid other vehicles and to stay in the lane or otherallocated road area. For example, using an RSU equipped with GNSSreceiver and V2X capability, GNSS measurement data may be provided tothe vehicle, which, if provided with an absolute location of the RSU,may be used to navigate the vehicle relative to a map, keeping thevehicle in lane and/or on the road, in spite of lack of visibility.

RADAR 1053, uses transmitted radio waves that are reflected off ofobjects. The reflected radio waves are analyzed, based on the time takenfor reflections to arrive and other signal characteristics of thereflected waves to determine the location of nearby objects. RADAR 1053may be utilized to detect the location of nearby cars, roadside objects(signs, other vehicles, pedestrians, etc.) and will generally enabledetection of objects even if there is obscuring weather such as snow,rail or hail. Thus, RADAR 1053 may be used to complement LIDAR 1050systems and camera 1035 systems in providing ranging information toother objects by providing ranging and distance measurements andinformation when visual-based systems typically fail. Furthermore, RADAR1053 may be utilized to calibrate and/or sanity check other systems suchas LIDAR 1050 and camera 1035. Ranging measurements from RADAR 1053 maybe utilized to determine/measure stopping distance at current speed,acceleration, maneuverability at current speed and/or turning radius atcurrent speed and/or a measure of maneuverability at current speed. Insome systems, ground penetrating RADAR may also be used to track roadsurfaces via, for example, RADAR-reflective markers on the road surfaceor terrain features such as ditches.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an example vehicle 1000, according toan embodiment. Here, some of the components discussed with regard toFIG. 10 and earlier embodiments are shown. As illustrated and previouslydiscussed, the vehicle 1000 can have camera(s) such as rear viewmirror-mounted camera 1106, front fender-mounted camera (not shown),side mirror-mounted camera (not shown) and a rear camera (not shown, buttypically on the trunk, hatch or rear bumper). Vehicle 1000 may alsohave LIDAR 1104, for detecting objects and measuring distances to thoseobjects; LIDAR 1104 is often roof-mounted, however, if there aremultiple LIDAR units 1104, they may be oriented around the front, rearand sides of the vehicle. Vehicle 1000 may have other variouslocation-related systems such as a GNSS receiver 1070 (typically locatedin the shark fin unit on the rear of the roof, as indicated), variouswireless transceivers (such as WAN, WLAN, V2X; typically, but notnecessarily, located in the shark fin) 1102, RADAR 1108 (typically inthe front bumper), and SONAR 1110 (typically located on both sides ofthe vehicle, if present). Various wheel 1112 and drive train sensors mayalso be present, such as tire pressure sensors, accelerometers, gyros,and wheel rotation detection and/or counters. In an embodiment, distancemeasurements and relative locations determined via various sensors suchas LIDAR, RADAR, camera, GNSS, and SONAR, may be combined withautomotive size and shape information and information regarding thelocation of the sensor to determine distances and relative locationsbetween the surfaces of different vehicles, such that a distance orvector from a sensor to another vehicle or between two different sensors(such as two GNSS receivers) is incrementally increased to account forthe position of the sensor on each vehicle. Thus, an exact GNSS distanceand vector between two GNSS receivers would need to be modified basedupon the relative location of the various car surfaces to the GNSSreceiver. For example, in determining the distance between a rear car'sfront bumper and a leading car's rear bumper, the distance would need tobe adjusted based on the distance between the GNSS receiver and thefront bumper on the following car, and the distance between the GNSSreceiver of the front car and the rear bumper of the front car. E.g.,the distance between the front car's rear bumper and the following car'sfront bumper is the relative distance between the two GNSS receiversminus the GNSS receiver to front bumper distance of the rear car andminus the GNSS receiver to rear bumper distance of the front car. It isrealized that this list is not intended to be limiting and that FIG. 11is intended to provide exemplary locations of various sensors in anembodiment of vehicle 1000.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that substantialvariations may be made in accordance with specific requirements. Forexample, customized hardware might also be used, and/or particularelements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portablesoftware, such as applets, etc.), or both. Further, connection to othercomputing devices such as network input/output devices may be employed.

With reference to the appended figures, components that can includememory (e.g., memory 1060 of FIG. 10) can include non-transitorymachine-readable media. The term “machine-readable medium” and“computer-readable medium” as used herein, refer to any storage mediumthat participates in providing data that causes a machine to operate ina specific fashion. In embodiments provided hereinabove, variousmachine-readable media might be involved in providing instructions/codeto processing units and/or other device(s) for execution. Additionallyor alternatively, the machine-readable media might be used to storeand/or carry such instructions/code. In many implementations, acomputer-readable medium is a physical and/or tangible storage medium.Such a medium may take many forms, including, but not limited to,non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Common formsof computer-readable media include, for example, magnetic and/or opticalmedia, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM,EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier waveas described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer canread instructions and/or code.

The methods, systems, and devices discussed herein are examples. Variousembodiments may omit, substitute, or add various procedures orcomponents as appropriate. For instance, features described with respectto certain embodiments may be combined in various other embodiments.Different aspects and elements of the embodiments may be combined in asimilar manner. The various components of the figures provided hereincan be embodied in hardware and/or software. Also, technology evolvesand, thus, many of the elements are examples that do not limit the scopeof the disclosure to those specific examples.

It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of commonusage, to refer to such signals as bits, information, values, elements,symbols, characters, variables, terms, numbers, numerals, or the like.It should be understood, however, that all of these or similar terms areto be associated with appropriate physical quantities and are merelyconvenient labels. Unless specifically stated otherwise, as is apparentfrom the discussion above, it is appreciated that throughout thisSpecification discussions utilizing terms such as “processing,”“computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” “ascertaining,”“identifying,” “associating,” “measuring,” “performing,” or the likerefer to actions or processes of a specific apparatus, such as a specialpurpose computer or a similar special purpose electronic computingdevice. In the context of this Specification, therefore, a specialpurpose computer or a similar special purpose electronic computingdevice is capable of manipulating or transforming signals, typicallyrepresented as physical electronic, electrical, or magnetic quantitieswithin memories, registers, or other information storage devices,transmission devices, or display devices of the special purpose computeror similar special purpose electronic computing device.

Terms, “and” and “or” as used herein, may include a variety of meaningsthat also is expected to depend at least in part upon the context inwhich such terms are used. Typically, “or” if used to associate a list,such as A, B, or C, is intended to mean A, B, and C, here used in theinclusive sense, as well as A, B, or C, here used in the exclusivesense. In addition, the term “one or more” as used herein may be used todescribe any feature, structure, or characteristic in the singular ormay be used to describe some combination of features, structures, orcharacteristics. However, it should be noted that this is merely anillustrative example and claimed subject matter is not limited to thisexample. Furthermore, the term “at least one of” if used to associate alist, such as A, B, or C, can be interpreted to mean any combination ofA, B, and/or C, such as A, AB, AA, AAB, AABBCCC, etc.

Having described several embodiments, various modifications, alternativeconstructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from thespirit of the disclosure. For example, the above elements may merely bea component of a larger system, wherein other rules may take precedenceover or otherwise modify the application of the various embodiments.Also, a number of steps may be undertaken before, during, or after theabove elements are considered. Accordingly, the above description doesnot limit the scope of the disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of message selection and prioritizationat a host vehicle (HV), the method comprising: wirelessly receivingmessages from a plurality of remote vehicles (RVs); determining a firstsubset of the plurality of RVs from which to process the messages,wherein the first subset is determined based at least in part on: therespective location of each RV relative to the HV, one or more roadconditions, and one or more operating constraints of the HV; and foreach message received from an RV in the first subset, determining apriority for the respective message based at least in part on anindication of a remaining delay budget for the respective message,wherein: the priority for the respective message determines an order inwhich content of the respective message is to be processed by the HV;and the indication of the remaining delay budget for the respectivemessage is received with the respective message.
 2. The method of claim1, wherein determining the first subset of the plurality of RVscomprises: defining a plurality of subsets of the plurality of RVs,wherein each subset of the plurality of subsets comprises a differentnumber of RVs from the plurality of RVs; and selecting the first subsetfrom the plurality of subsets based on the one or more operatingconstraints.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein defining each subset ofthe plurality of subsets is based at least in part on the one or moreroad conditions.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining thepriority for the respective message comprises: obtaining, at a radiolayer of the HV, the indication of the remaining delay budget for therespective message; and providing, from the radio layer to anapplication layer of the HV, the indication of the remaining delay. 5.The method of claim 4, wherein providing the indication of the remainingdelay comprises providing a modified indication of the remaining delayto account for (i) delay of the radio layer and (ii) Over The Air (OTA)delay.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the radio layer of the HVobtains the indication of the remaining delay budget for the respectivemessage via a Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH) for therespective message.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the messagescomprise Vehicle To Everything (V2X) Basic Safety Messages (BSMs). 8.The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more road conditions of a roadon which the HV is located comprise: a number of lanes of the road, acurrent lane of the HV, a speed limit of the road, a road hazard, aweather condition, a curvature of the road, speed of the HV, heading ofthe HV, or a trajectory of one or more RVs of the plurality of RVs, orany combination thereof.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the one ormore operating constraints of the HV comprise: a message processingcapability, a thermal constraint, a concurrency constraint, or anycombination thereof.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein determining thepriority for the respective message is performed by a radio layer of theHV, an application layer of the HV, or both.
 11. The method of claim 1,further comprising filtering out the messages from RVs of the pluralityof RVs that are not in the first subset, wherein the filtering isperformed by a radio layer of the HV, an application layer of the HV, orboth.
 12. A device for message selection and prioritization at a hostvehicle (HV), the device comprising: one or more wireless transceivers;a memory; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the oneor more wireless transceivers and the memory and configured to: receive,via the one or more wireless transceivers, messages from a plurality ofremote vehicles (RVs); determine a first subset of the plurality of RVsfrom which to process the messages, wherein the first subset isdetermined based at least in part on: the respective location of each RVrelative to the HV, one or more road conditions, and one or moreoperating constraints of the HV; and for each message received from anRV in the first subset, determine a priority for the respective messagebased at least in part on an indication of a remaining delay budget forthe respective message, wherein: the priority for the respective messagedetermines an order in which content of the respective message is to beprocessed by the HV; and the indication of the remaining delay budgetfor the respective message is received with the respective message. 13.The device of claim 12, wherein, to determine the first subset of theplurality of RVs, the one or more processors are configured to: define aplurality of subsets of the plurality of RVs, wherein each subset of theplurality of subsets comprises a different number of RVs from theplurality of RVs; and select the first subset from the plurality ofsubsets based on the one or more operating constraints.
 14. The deviceof claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are configured to defineeach subset of the plurality of subsets based at least in part on theone or more road conditions.
 15. The device of claim 12, furthercomprising a radio layer and an application later, wherein to determinethe priority for the respective message: the radio layer is configuredto obtain the indication of the remaining delay budget for therespective message; and the radio layer is configured to provide, to theapplication layer, the indication of the remaining delay.
 16. The deviceof claim 15, wherein, to provide the indication of the remaining delay,the radio layer is configured to provide a modified indication of theremaining delay to account for (i) delay of the radio layer and (ii)Over The Air (OTA) delay.
 17. The device of claim 15, wherein the radiolayer is configured to obtain the indication of the remaining delaybudget for the respective message via a Physical Sidelink ControlChannel (PSCCH) for the respective message.
 18. The device of claim 15,wherein the radio layer is implemented by the one or more transceivers,and the application layer is implemented by the one or more processors.19. The device of claim 15, wherein the radio layer, the applicationlayer, or both, are configured to determine the priority for therespective message.
 20. The device of claim 15, wherein the radio layer,the application layer, or both, are configured to filter out themessages from RVs of the plurality of RVs that are not in the firstsubset.
 21. A device comprising: means for wirelessly receiving messagesfrom a plurality of remote vehicles (RVs); means for determining a firstsubset of the plurality of RVs from which to process the messages,wherein the first subset is determined based at least in part on: therespective location of each RV relative to a host vehicle (HV), one ormore road conditions, and one or more operating constraints of the HV;and means for determining, for each message received from an RV in thefirst subset, a priority for the respective message based at least inpart on an indication of a remaining delay budget for the respectivemessage, wherein: the priority for the respective message determines anorder in which content of the respective message is to be processed bythe HV; and the indication of the remaining delay budget for therespective message is received with the respective message.
 22. Thedevice of claim 21, wherein the means for determining the first subsetof the plurality of RVs comprises: means for defining a plurality ofsubsets of the plurality of RVs, wherein each subset of the plurality ofsubsets comprises a different number of RVs from the plurality of RVs;and means for selecting the first subset from the plurality of subsetsbased on the one or more operating constraints.
 23. The device of claim21, wherein the means for determining the priority for the respectivemessage comprises: means for obtaining, at a radio layer of the HV, theindication of the remaining delay budget for the respective message; andmeans for providing, from the radio layer to an application layer of theHV, the indication of the remaining delay.
 24. The device of claim 23,wherein the means for providing the indication of the remaining delaycomprises means for providing a modified indication of the remainingdelay to account for (i) delay of the radio layer and (ii) Over The Air(OTA) delay.
 25. The device of claim 21, wherein the means fordetermining the priority for the respective message comprise means forimplementing a radio layer of the HV, an application layer of the HV, orboth.
 26. The device of claim 21, further comprising means for filteringout the messages from RVs of the plurality of RVs that are not in thefirst subset, wherein means for filtering comprise means forimplementing a radio layer of the HV, an application layer of the HV, orboth.
 27. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructionsstored thereon for message selection and prioritization at a hostvehicle (HV), wherein the instructions, when executed by one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to: wirelessly receivemessages from a plurality of remote vehicles (RVs); determine a firstsubset of the plurality of RVs from which to process the messages,wherein the first subset is determined based at least in part on: therespective location of each RV relative to the HV, one or more roadconditions, and one or more operating constraints of the HV; anddetermine, for each message received from an RV in the first subset, apriority for the respective message based at least in part on anindication of a remaining delay budget for the respective message,wherein: the priority for the respective message determines an order inwhich content of the respective message is to be processed by the HV;and the indication of the remaining delay budget for the respectivemessage is received with the respective message.
 28. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 27, wherein the instructions forcausing the one or more processors to determine the first subset of theplurality of RVs further comprise instructions for causing the one ormore processors to: define a plurality of subsets of the plurality ofRVs, wherein each subset of the plurality of subsets comprises adifferent number of RVs from the plurality of RVs; and means forselecting the first subset from the plurality of subsets based on theone or more operating constraints.
 29. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 27, wherein the instructions forcausing the one or more processors to determine the priority for therespective message further comprise instructions for causing the one ormore processors to: obtain, at a radio layer of the HV, the indicationof the remaining delay budget for the respective message; and provide,from the radio layer to an application layer of the HV, the indicationof the remaining delay.
 30. The non-transitory computer-readable mediumof claim 27, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, further cause the one or more processors to filter out themessages from RVs of the plurality of RVs that are not in the firstsubset at a radio layer of the HV, an application layer of the HV, orboth.